The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style is most commonly used in humanities disciplines such as English, foreign languages, literary criticism and comparative literature, and cultural studies.
| In-Text Citation for Direct Quotes | In-Text Citation for Information | Works Cited Page | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | (Yodovich 872) | (Yodovich)* |
Yodovich, Neta. “Defining Conditional Belonging: The Case of Female Science Fiction Fans.” Sociology, vol. 55, no. 5, Oct. 2021, pp. 871–87. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848. |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | (Fulkerson et al. 532) | (Fulkerson et al.)* |
Fulkerson, Jayne A., et al. “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol. 106, no. 4, Apr. 2006, pp. 526–32. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006. |
| Book | (Golding 18) | (Golding)* |
Golding, Dan. Star Wars after Lucas: A Critical Guide to the Future of the Galaxy. University of Minnesota Press, 2019. |
| AI | ("In 200 words") | ("In 200 words") | “In 200 words, describe the symbolism of the green light in The Great Gatsby” follow-up prompt to list sources. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 9 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat. |
*If you introduce the author(s) in the text, you don't need an in-text citation. For example, you could say, "Fulkerson et al. found that as a child ages, the frequency of family meals decreases."
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
MLA does not consider Generative AI, like ChatGPT, as an author.
The American Psychology Association (APA) citation style is most commonly used in disciplines such as social sciences, business, nursing, and education.
| In-Text Citation for Direct Quotes | In-Text Citation for Information | Works Cited Page | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | (Yodovich, 2021, p. 872) | (Yodovich, 2021) |
Yodovich, N. (2021). Defining conditional belonging: The case of female science fiction fans. Sociology, 55(5), 871–887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848 |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | (Fulkerson et al., 2006, p. 530) | (Fulkerson et al., 2006) |
Fulkerson, J. A., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2006). Adolescent and parent views of family meals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(4), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006 |
| Book | (Golding, 2019, p. 20) | (Golding, 2019) |
Golding, D. (2019). Star wars after Lucas: A critical guide to the future of the galaxy. University of Minnesota Press. |
| AI | (OpenAI, 2023) | (OpenAI, 2023) | OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat |
*If you introduce the author(s) in the text, you don't need a full in-text citation, just the year in parenthesis after the author. For example, you could say, "Fulkerson et al. (2006) found that as a child ages, the frequency of family meals decreases."
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
APA Style Simplified by The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) citation style is most commonly used in humanities disciplines such as history and the arts.
The examples below are for the Notes and Bibliography (NB) style.
| In-Text Note | Bibliography | |
|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | Yodovich, “Defining Conditional Belonging.” |
Yodovich, Neta. “Defining Conditional Belonging: The Case of Female Science Fiction Fans.” Sociology 55, no. 5 (October 2021): 871–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848. |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | Fulkerson, Neumark-Sztainer, and Story, “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” |
Fulkerson, Jayne A., Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, and Mary Story. “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 526–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006. |
| Book | Golding, Star Wars after Lucas. |
Golding, Dan. Star Wars after Lucas: A Critical Guide to the Future of the Galaxy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019. |
| AI | Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. | N/A |
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
In MLA Citation format tables, graphs, and other figures appear directly embedded in the document. Each figure must include a label, a number, a caption and/or source information.
Source information is listed in note form in the following format:
Figure from a Book
Author First name, Last name, Source title, Publisher, Year of Publication, p. #.
Figure from a Website
Website author(s); Title of the webpage/document; Website publisher, DD, Mon. YYYY; figure #.
Note that for websites or other sources in which long pieces of like information is listed, separate information by a semi-colon instead of a comma.
TABLES
The table should be situated near to the text in which it relates. Align the table flush-left and label it "Table #" with the # being its corresponding number. No punctuation is necessary after the label and number. On the next line, provide a caption for the table. This will most often the table title as it appears in the original source. The table should then come after the the number and caption. Below the table the citation for the table should appear. Label it first with "Source:" followed by the citation.
All labels, captions, and notes are double-spaced.
FIGURES
All visuals that are not tables are labeled as Figure or Fig. Similar to tables, refer to the figure first in-text and label it "Figure #" with the # being its corresponding number. Below the figure, provide a label name and its corresponding number, followed by a period. Ex. Fig. 1.
On the same line as the figure label, provide the title and/or caption as well as the relevant source information in note form. If the source information is provided immediately following the figure you do not need to include it in the Works Cite page.
Reference Books
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